Books
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad (Eds.) 2022. The Egyptian Labor Market: A Focus on Gender and Economic Vulnerability. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Safaa El Tayeb El-Kogali and Caroline Krafft (Eds.). 2019. Expectations and Aspirations: A New Framework for Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad (Eds.) 2019. The Jordanian Labor Market Between Fragility and Resilience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Caroline Krafft. 2019. Economics for the Greater Good: An Introduction to Economic Thinking for Public Policy. Pressbooks.
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft (Eds.). 2015. The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Safaa El-Kogali and Caroline Krafft. 2015. Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation: Early Childhood Development in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Journal Articles
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, Khandker Wahedur Rahman, and Maakwe Cumanzala. 2024 “How do small formal and informal firms in Egypt compare? An analysis of firm characteristics and implications for formalization efforts.” Review of Development Economics, 1-24. [Replication files]
Caroline Krafft, Abbie Raikes, Samira Nikaein Towfighian, Rebecca Sayre Mojgani 2024. “Quality and inequality in pre-primary and home environment inputs to early childhood development in Egypt.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 68: 24-34. [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft and Moundir Lassassi. 2024. “Public Pre-Primary and Maternal Employment in Algeria: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” World Bank Economic Review 38(1): 74-94. [Accepted manuscript] [Accepted manuscript appendix] [Replication files]
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2023. “Labor Market Dynamics and Youth Unemployment in the Middle East and North Africa: Evidence from Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia.” LABOUR DOI: 10.1111/labr.12257. [Submitted version] [Replication files]
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, Mohamed Ali Marouani, Ruby Cheung, and Ava LaPlante. 2023. “Are labor markets in the Middle East and North Africa recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic?” IZA Journal of Development and Migration 14(1): 2-68. [Replication files]
Maia Sieverding, Caroline Krafft, Irene Selwaness, Alexandra Abi Nassif. 2023. “Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective wellbeing in the Middle East and North Africa: A gender analysis.” PLoS ONE 18(5): e0286405.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, and Colette Salemi. 2022. “Socioeconomic Status and the Changing Nature of School-to-Work Transitions in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia.” ILR Review. DOI: 10.1177/0019793922114140 [Accepted manuscript] [Replication files]
Caroline Krafft, Kristine West, Ashley McFarlane, Elizabeth Kula, Fardowsa Abdinoor, Morgan Weyrens-Welch, and Karri Drain. 2022. “Virtually Nonexistent: Gender and Racial Representation in Online K-12 Economics Lessons.” Eastern Economic Journal DOI: 10.1057/s41302-022-00231-0 [Accepted manuscript] [Replication files]
Caroline Krafft, Bilal Malaeb, and Saja Al Zoubi. 2022. “How do policy approaches affect refugee economic outcomes? Insights from studies of Syrian refugees in Jordan and Lebanon.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 38(3): 654-677. [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft, Maia Sieverding, Nasma Berri, Caitlyn Keo and Mariam Sharpless. 2022. “Education Interrupted: Enrollment, Attainment, and Dropout of Syrian Refugees in Jordan.” Journal of Development Studies. DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2022.2075734 [Replication files] [Accepted manuscript] [Appendix]
Kristine West, Caroline Krafft. 2022. “Quantitative Impact Evaluation: Community Engaged Econometrics.” Scholarship and Practice of Undergraduate Research 5(3): 45-46.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Irene Selwaness. 2022. “The Impact of Marriage on Women’s Employment in the Middle East and North Africa.” Feminist Economics DOI: 10.1080/13545701.2021.2007415 [Accepted manuscript] [Appendix]
Caroline Krafft. 2021. “The Determinants of Inequality in Child Nutrition Status: Evidence from Jordan.” Review of Development Economics. DOI: 10.1111/rode.12839 [Replication files] [Submitted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Khandker Wahedur Rahman. 2021. “Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2018.” IZA Journal of Development and Migration 12:12.
Caroline Krafft, Elizabeth Kula, and Maia Sieverding. 2021. “An investigation of Jordan’s fertility stall and resumed decline: The role of proximate determinants.” Demographic Research 45(19): 605-652. [Replication files]
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2021. “Introducing the Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey 2016.” IZA Journal of Development and Migration 12:08.
Caroline Krafft and Reham Rizk. 20121. “The Promise and Peril of Youth Entrepreneurship in the Middle East and North Africa.” International Journal of Manpower. DOI: 10.1108/IJM-05-2020-0200 [Accepted manuscript] [Replication files]
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, and Dominique J. Rolando. 2021. “Evaluating the impact of housing market liberalization on the timing of marriage: Evidence from Egypt” Population Studies. DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2021.1914853 [Accepted manuscript] [Replication files]
Caroline Krafft and Elizabeth E. Davis. 2021. “The Arab inequality puzzle: the role of income sources in Egypt and Tunisia.” Middle East Development Journal. DOI: 10.1080/17938120.2021.1898233 [Replication files] [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2020. “Employment’s Role in Enabling and Constraining Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa.” Demography. DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00932-1 [Accepted manuscript]
Maia Sieverding, Caroline Krafft, Nasma Berri, Caitlyn Keo. 2020. “Persistence and Change in Marriage Practices among Syrian Refugees in Jordan.” Studies in Family Planning. DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12134 [Accepted manuscript]
Irene Selwaness and Caroline Krafft. 2020. “The Dynamics of Family Formation and Women’s Work: What Facilitates and Hinders Female Employment in the Middle East and North Africa?” Population Research and Policy Review. DOI: 10.1007/s11113-020-09596-6 [Accepted manuscript]
Miquel Pellicer, Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, and Colette Salemi. 2020. “Grievances or Skills? The Effect of Education on Youth Political Participation in Egypt and Tunisia.” International Political Science Review. DOI: 10.1177/0192512120927115 [Accepted manuscript] [Appendix]
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, and Shaimaa Yassin. 2020. “Job Creation or Labor Absorption? An Analysis of Private Sector Job Growth in Egypt.” Middle East Development Journal. DOI: 10.1080/17938120.2020.1753978 [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft. 2020. “Why is fertility on the rise in Egypt? The role of women’s employment opportunities.” Journal of Population Economics. DOI: 10.1007/s00148-020-00770-w [Replication files] [Accepted manuscript]
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. “Excluded Generation: The Growing Challenges of Labor Market Insertion for Egyptian Youth.” Journal of Youth Studies. DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2020.1714565 [Accepted manuscript]
Maia Sieverding, Caroline Krafft, and Asmaa Elbadawy. 2019. “An Exploration of the Drivers of Private Tutoring in Egypt.” Comparative Education Review 63(4). [Article]
Caroline Krafft, Asmaa Elbadawy, and Maia Sieverding. 2019. “Constrained School Choice in Egypt.” International Journal of Educational Development 71: 102104. [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft, Zea Branson, and Taylor Flak. 2019. “What’s the Value of a Degree? Evidence from Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. [Accepted manuscript]
Belal Fallah, Caroline Krafft, and Jackline Wahba. 2019. “The Impact of Refugees on Employment and Wages in Jordan.” Journal of Development Economics 139: 203-216 [Replication files] [Accepted manuscript] [Appendix]
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, Hanan Nazier, Racha Ramadan, Atiyeh Vahidmanesh, and Sami Zouari. 2019. “Estimating poverty and inequality in the absence of consumption data: an application to the Middle East and North Africa.” Middle East Development Journal. DOI: 10.1080/17938120.2019.1583493 [Replication files] [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Carlin, Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Krafft, and Kathryn Tout. 2019. “Parental preferences and patterns of child care use among low-income families: A Bayesian analysis.” Children and Youth Services Review 99: 172-185. [Accepted manuscript]
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, and Shaimaa Yassin. 2018. “Comparing retrospective and panel data collection methods to assess labor market dynamics.” IZA Journal of Development and Migration 8(17): 1-34.
Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Carlin, Caroline Krafft, and Nicole D. Forry. 2018. “Do Child Care Subsidies Increase Employment Among Low-Income Parents?” Journal of Family and Economic Issues. doi: 10.1007/s10834-018-9582-7 [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft and Halimat Alawode. 2018 “Inequality of Opportunity in Higher Education in the Middle East and North Africa.” International Journal of Educational Development 62: 234-244. [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft. 2018. “Is School the Best Route to Skills? Returns to Vocational School and Vocational Skills in Egypt” The Journal of Development Studies 54(7): 1100-1120 [Replication files] [Accepted manuscript]
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, and Djavad Salehi-Isfahani. 2017. “Does the type of higher education affect labor market outcomes? Evidence from Egypt and Jordan.” Higher Education. 10.1007/s10734-017-0179-0 [Accepted manuscript]
Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Krafft, Nicole D. Forry. 2017. “Understanding churn: Predictors of reentry among families who leave the child care subsidy program in Maryland.” Children and Youth Services Review 77: 34-45. [Accepted manuscript]
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, John Roemer, Djavad Salehi-Isfahani. 2017. “Inequality of Opportunity in Wages and Consumption in Egypt.” Review of Income and Wealth doi: 10.1111/roiw.12289 [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft, Elizabeth E. Davis and Kathryn Tout. 2017. “Childcare subsidies and the stability and quality of child care arrangements.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 39: 14-34. [Accepted manuscript]
Assaad, Ragui, Samir Ghazouani, Caroline Krafft, Dominique J. Rolando. 2016 “Introducing the Tunisia Labor Market Panel Survey 2014.” IZA Journal of Labor and Development 5(15): 1-21.
Ragui Assaad, Eslam Badawy, and Caroline Krafft. 2016. “Pedagogy, Accountability, and Perceptions of Quality by Type of Higher Education in Egypt and Jordan.” Comparative Education Review 60(4): 746-775 doi: 10.1086/688421 [Article]
Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Krafft, and Nicole D. Forry. 2016. “The Role of Policy and Practice in Short Spells of Child Care Subsidy Participation.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory doi: 10.1093/jopart/muw039 [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft, Elizabeth E. Davis and Kathryn Tout. 2015. “The Problem of Measurement Error in Self-Reported Receipt of Child-Care Subsidies: Evidence from Two States.” Social Service Review 89 (4): 686-726. [Article]
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2015. “Is Free Basic Education in Egypt a Reality or a Myth?” International Journal of Educational Development 45: 16-30. [Replication files] [Accepted manuscript]
Caroline Krafft. 2015. “Increasing educational attainment in Egypt: The impact of early childhood care and education.” Economics of Education Review 46: 127-143. [Replication files] [Accepted manuscript]
Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline S. Carlin, Caroline Krafft, and Kathryn Tout. 2014. “Time for a Change? Predictors of Child Care Changes by Low-income Families.” Journal of Children and Poverty 20(1): 21-45. [Accepted manuscript]
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2013. “The Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey: Introducing the 2012 Round.” IZA Journal of Labor and Development 2(8): 1-30.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Nadia Belhaj Hassine, and Djavad Salehi-Isfahani. 2012. “Inequality of Opportunity in Child Health in the Arab World and Turkey.” Middle East Development Journal 4(2): 1-37. [Accepted manuscript]
Book Chapters
Caitlyn Keo, Caroline Krafft, and Luca Fedi. 2022. “Rural Women in Egypt: Opportunities and Vulnerabilities.” In The Egyptian Labor Market: A Focus on Gender and Economic Vulnerability. Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad (Eds.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Working paper version]
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Caitlyn Keo. 2022. “The Evolution of Labor Supply in Egypt from 1988-2018: A Gendered Analysis.” In The Egyptian Labor Market: A Focus on Gender and Economic Vulnerability. Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad (Eds.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Working paper version]
Caroline Krafft and Safaa El-Kogali. 2021. “Inequalities in Early Childhood Development in the Middle East and North Africa.” In The Routledge Handbook on the Middle East Economy. Hassan Hakimian (Ed.) London: Routledge.
Caroline Krafft, Susan Razzaz, Caitlyn Keo and Ragui Assaad. 2019. “The Number and Characteristics of Syrians in Jordan: A Multi-Source Analysis.” In The Jordanian Labor Market Between Fragility and Resilience. Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad (Eds.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Working paper version]
Caroline Krafft, Maia Sieverding, Colette Salemi, and Caitlyn Keo. 2019. “Syrian Refugees in Jordan: Demographics, Livelihoods, Education, and Health.” In The Jordanian Labor Market Between Fragility and Resilience. Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Working paper version]
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, and Caitlyn Keo. 2019. “The Composition of Labor Supply and Its Evolution from 2010 to 2016 in Jordan.” In The Jordanian Labor Market Between Fragility and Resilience. Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Working paper version]
Ragui Assaad, Samir Ghazouani, and Caroline Krafft. 2018. “Marriage, Fertility, and Women’s Agency in Tunisia.”In The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition. Ragui Assaad and Mongi Boughzala (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Working paper version]
Ragui Assaad, Samir Ghazouani, and Caroline Krafft. 2018. “The Composition of Labor Supply and Unemployment in Tunisia.” In The Tunisian Labor Market in an Era of Transition. Ragui Assaad and Mongi Boughzala (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Working paper version]
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2016. “Inequality of Opportunity in the Labor Market for Higher Education Graduates in Egypt and Jordan.” In The Middle East Economies in Times of Transition. Ishac Diwan and Ahmed Galal (Eds.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2016. “Inequality of Opportunity in Human Development.” In The Middle East Economies in Times of Transition. Ishac Diwan and Ahmed Galal (Eds.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2015. “The Evolution of Labor Supply and Unemployment in the Egyptian Economy: 1988-2012.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution. Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2015. “The Structure and Evolution of Employment in Egypt: 1998-2012.” In The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution. Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2015. “An Empirical Analysis of the Economics of Marriage in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics: Policies and Practices. Celestin Monga and Justin Yifu Lin (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2015. “The Economics of Marriage in North Africa: A Unifying Theoretical Framework.” In The Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics: Contexts and Concepts. Celestin Monga and Justin Yifu Lin (Eds.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Selected Working Papers
Ragui Assaad, Vishal Jamkar, and Caroline Krafft. 2024. “Gender, Work, and Time Use in the Context of a Low-Income Agrarian Economy: The Case of Sudan.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1704.
Ragui Assaad and Caroline Krafft. 2024. “Connecting People to Projects A New Approach to Measuring Women’s Employment in the Middle East and North Africa.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 10659.
Caroline Krafft and Heather Moylan. 2023. “Women’s Economic Empowerment in Sudan: Assets and Agency.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1697.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, and Sarah Wahby. 2023. “Labor Market Dynamics in Sudan through Political Upheaval and Pandemic.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1665.
Caroline Krafft and Cyrine Hannafi. 2023. “The Dynamics of Social Insurance in Egypt.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1655.
Caroline Krafft and Maye Ehab. 2023. “Working Conditions in the Paid Care Economy in Egypt: Improvement or Deterioration?” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1657.
Caroline Krafft. 2023. “Do Employers Discriminate against Married Women? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Egypt.” ILO/ERF Working Paper. Cairo: International Labor Organization
Caroline Krafft, Kristine West, Allen Bellas, Ming Chien Lo, Adriana Cortes Mendosa, Gabriella Agbenyiga, J Dombroski, and Nayomi Her. 2023. “Relevance, Belonging, and Growth Mindsets in Economics: Differences across Institution Types.” Minnesota Center for Diversity in Economics Working Paper Series No. 2.
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, Adriana Cortes-Mendosa, and Isabel Honzay. 2023. “The Structure of the Labor Force and Employment in Sudan.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1648.
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Ruby Cheung. 2023. “Introducing the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1647.
Caroline Krafft, Samira Nikaein Towfighian, Abbie Raikes, and Rebecca Sayre Mojgani. 2023. “What Can We Learn from Pre-Primary Quality Assurance Systems? Evidence from the Arab Republic of Egypt.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 10482.
Caroline Krafft and Cyrine Hannafi. 2022. “Minimum and Living wages in Jordan and Tunisia.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1557. Cairo, Egypt.
Caroline Krafft, Diana Jimena Arango, Amalia Hadas Rubin, and Jocelyn Kelly. 2022. “Conflict and Girl Child Marriage: Global Evidence.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 10135.
Stefano Caria, Bruno Crepon, Hala ElBehairy, Noha Fadlalmawla, Caroline Krafft, AbdelRahman Nagy, Lili Mottaghi, Nahla Zeitoun, and Souraya Al Assiouty. 2022. “Child Care Subsidies, Employment Services, and Women’s Labor Market Outcomes in Egypt: First Midline Results.” Middle East and North Africa Gender Innovation Lab Policy Research Paper.
Caroline Krafft, Irene Selwaness, and Maia Sieverding. 2022. “The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s care work and employment in the Middle East and North Africa.” ILO/ERF Working Paper.
Noha Fadlalmawla, Hala ElBehairy, Caroline Krafft, Bruno Crepon, Stefano Caria, Abdelrahman Nagy. 2022. “Assessing the labor market impact of COVID-19 on women with young children in Egypt.”G²LM|LIC Working Paper No. 61.
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Isabel Pastoor. “How Do Gender Norms Shape Education and Domestic Work Outcomes? The Case of Syrian Refugee Adolescents in Jordan” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 9820. Washington, DC. [Supplemental appendix]
Caroline Krafft, Adriana Cortes Mendosa, and Skylah Thao. 2019. “Internal Migration and Education: Findings from Egypt.” Paper commissioned for the Arab States 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report, Migration, displacement and education: Building bridges, not walls.
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2018 “Do More Productive Firms Pay Workers More? Evidence from Egypt.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1222. Cairo, Egypt.
Assaad, Ragui, Caroline Krafft, Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, John Roemer. 2016. “Inequality of Opportunity in Income and Consumption:The Middle East and North Africa Region in Comparative Perspective.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 1003. Cairo, Egypt.
El-Kogali, Safaa, Caroline Krafft, Touhami Abdelkhalek, Mohamed Benkassmi, Monica I. Chavez, Lucy K. Bassett, and Fouzia Ejjanoui. 2016. “The Impact of a Community Development and Poverty Reduction Program on Early Childhood Development in Morocco.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7671. Washington, DC.
El-Kogali, Safaa, Caroline Krafft, Touhami Abdelkhalek, Mohamed Benkassmi, Monica I. Chavez, Lucy K. Bassett, and Fouzia Ejjanoui. 2016. “Inequality of Opportunity in Early Childhood Development in Morocco over Time.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7670. Washington, DC.
Caroline Krafft. 2016. “Understanding the Dynamics of Household Enterprises in Egypt: Birth, Death, Growth, and Transformation.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 983. Cairo, Egypt.
Caroline Krafft and Safaa El-Kogali. 2014. “Inequalities in Early Childhood Development in the Middle East and North Africa.” Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No. 856. Cairo, Egypt.
Paul Glewwe and Caroline Krafft. 2014. “Education Perspective Paper: Benefits and Costs of the Education Targets for the Post-2015 Development Agenda.” Copenhagen Consensus Center Post-2015 Consensus Series. Lowell, MA.
Policy Writing
Labor and Human Development in the Middle East and North Africa
Caroline Krafft and Maye Ehab. “Deteriorating Working Conditions in the Care Economy in Egypt: Directions for Reform.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 117. Cairo, Egypt.
Caroline Krafft and Cyrine Hannafi. “The Dynamics behind the Decline of Social Insurance in Egypt and Directions for Reform.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 116. Cairo, Egypt.
Caroline Krafft. 2023. “Why Do So Few Married Women Work in Egypt?” ILO/ERF Policy Brief. Cairo: International Labor Organization
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2023. “Building a Survey without a Recent Census: The Case of the Sudan Labor Market Panel Survey 2022.” G2LM|LIC Policy Brief No. 42.
Caroline Krafft. 2023. “The Future of Skills in the Egyptian Labour Market.” ERF Special Policy Research Report 2023-1. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the Economic Research Forum.
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Mohamed Ali Marouani. 2022. “Jobs and Growth in North Africa during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 97. Cairo, Egypt.
Caroline Krafft, Samia Mohamed Nour, and Ebaidalla M. Ebaidalla. 2022. “Jobs and Growth in North Africa in the COVID-19 Era: The case of Sudan (2018-21).” In Second Regional Report on Jobs and Growth in North Africa (2018-21): Developments through the COVID-19 Era. ILO and ERF.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Mohamed Ali Marouani, Ruby Cheung*, Ava LaPlante*, Ilhaan Omar*, and Sarah Wahby. 2022. “Regional Overview: Economic Growth and Labour Market Outcomes in North Africa (2018-21).” In Second Regional Report on Jobs and Growth in North Africa (2018-21): Developments through the COVID-19 Era. ILO and ERF.
Caroline Krafft and Cyrine Hannafi. 2022. “Minimum and Living wages in Jordan and Tunisia: Implications for Social Protection Floors.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 89. Cairo, Egypt.
Caroline Krafft, Ilhaan Omar, Ragui Assaad, Ruby Cheung, Ava LaPlante, Mohamed Ali Marouani, Irene Selwaness, and Maia Sieverding. 2022. “Employment and care work during the COVID-19 pandemic: Persistent inequality in the Middle East and North Africa.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 78. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum.
Caroline Krafft, Mohamed Ali Marouani, Ragui Assaad, Ruby Cheung, Ava LaPlante, Ilhaan Omar, and Sarah Wahby. 2022. “Morocco COVID-19 Country Case Study.” ILO/ERF report.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Mohamed Ali Marouani, Sydney Kennedy, Ruby Cheung, and Sarah Wahby. 2022. “Egypt COVID-19 Country Case Study.” ILO/ERF report.
Mohamed Ali Marouani, Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, Sydney Kennedy, Ruby Cheung, Ahmed Dhia Latifi, and Emilie Wojcieszynski. 2022. “Tunisia COVID-19 Country Case Study.” ILO/ERF report.
Noha Fadlalmawla, Hala ElBehairy, Caroline Krafft, Bruno Crepon, Stefano Caria, and Abdelrahman Nagy. 2022. “COVID-19, Child Care, and Women’s Employment in Egypt.” G2LM|LIC Policy Brief No. 48.
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Mohamed Ali Marouani. 2022. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Middle Eastern and North African Labor Markets: Employment Recovering, but Income Losses Persisting.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 73. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Maia Sieverding, Layla Al-Hajj, Ruby Cheung, Adriana Cortes Mendosa, Amalea Jubara, Kai Tiede, and Sarah Wahby. 2021. “Youth Transitions to Adulthood in Jordan: High Aspirations, Challenging Realities.” Amman, Jordan: UNICEF.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Maia Sieverding Layla Al-Hajj, Ruby Cheung, and Ilhaan Omar. 2021. “The Transition to Adulthood in Jordan: Supporting Youth Aspirations.” Amman, Jordan: UNICEF.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Maia Sieverding Layla Al-Hajj, Ruby Cheung, and Ilhaan Omar. 2021. “Barriers to Economic Participation for Young People in Jordan: A Gendered Analysis.” Amman, Jordan: UNICEF.
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Maia Sieverding Layla Al-Hajj, Ruby Cheung, and Ilhaan Omar. 2021. “Youth Entrepreneurial Readiness in Jordan: High Interest, Low Success Rates.” Amman, Jordan: UNICEF.
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Mohamed Ali Marouani. 2021. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Middle Eastern and North African Labor Markets: A Focus on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 60. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum. [Brief]
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2021. “The Impact of COVID-19 on the Ability of Households to Meet Their Basic Needs in Sudan.” G2LM|LIC Policy Brief No. 42.
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Mohamed Ali Marouani. 2021. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Middle Eastern and North African Labor Markets: Glimmers of Progress but Persistent Problems for Vulnerable Workers a Year into the Pandemic.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 57. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum. [Brief]
Lili Mottaghi, Bruno Crepon, Caroline Krafft, Stefano Caria, AbdelRahman Nagy, and Noha Fadl. 2021. “Why is Female Labor Force Participation Low and Stagnant in MENA? Experimental Evidence from Egypt.” Research & Policy Brief. May 2021. Washington DC: Middle East and North Africa Gender Innovation Lab, World Bank.
Stefano Caira, Bruno Crepon, Caroline Krafft, and Noha Fadl. 2021. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Poor Households in Egypt: Preliminary Results from the Pilot.” G2LM|LIC Policy Brief No. 37. Bonn, Germany: IZA – Institute of Labor Economics.
Caroline Krafft, Sydney Kennedy, Ruby Cheung, Solveigh Johnson, and Adriana Cortes Mendosa. 2020. “Academic Challenges in the Time of COVID-19: Arab Social Scientists and Humanists in Focus.” Beirut: Arab Council for the Social Sciences.
Caroline Krafft, Ragui Assaad, and Mohamed Ali Marouani. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Middle Eastern and North African Labor Markets: Vulnerable Workers, Small Entrepreneurs, and Farmers Bear the Brunt of the Pandemic in Morocco and Tunisia.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 55. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum. [Brief]
Ragui Assaad, Caroline Krafft, Khandker Wahedur Rahman, and Irene Selwaness. “Job Creation in Egypt: A Sectoral and Geographical Analysis Focusing on Private Establishments 1996-2017.” Economic Research Forum Policy Paper. Cairo, Egypt.
Caroline Krafft and Emma Kettle. 2019. “Supporting Women’s Livelihoods in Egypt: Opportunities and Challenges.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 46. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum
Caroline Krafft and Emma Kettle. 2019. “The Future of Labor Supply and Demographics in Egypt: Impending Challenges and Untapped Potential.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 43. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum
Caroline Krafft and Maia Sieverding. 2018. “The Wellbeing of Syrian Refugees: Shifting from Humanitarian to Developmental Response.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 34. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum
Maia Sieverding, Caroline Krafft, and Nasma Berri. 2018. “How are Families Changing in Jordan? New Evidence on Marriage and Fertility Trends Among Jordanians and Syrian Refugees.” Economic Research Forum Policy Brief No. 35. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum
Caroline Krafft and Halimat Alawode. 2016. “Subsidizing Inequality: Policy and Higher Education in the Middle East and North Africa.” Policy Perspective No. 20. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum.
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2015. “Promoting Successful Transitions to Employment for Egyptian Youth.” Policy Perspective No. 15. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum.
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2014. “Why the Unemployment Rate is a Misleading Indicator of Labor Market Health in Egypt.” Policy Perspective No. 14. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum.
Caroline Krafft and Ragui Assaad. 2014. “Beware of the Echo: The Impending Return of Demographic Pressures in Egypt.” Policy Perspective No. 12. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum.
Caroline Krafft. 2012. “Challenges Facing the Egyptian Education System: Access, Quality and Inequality.” Survey of Young People in Egypt Policy Brief Series No. 2. New York: Population Council.
Caroline Krafft. 2012. “Is Early Childhood Care and Education a Good Investment for Egypt? Estimates of Educational Impacts, Costs, and Benefits.” Survey of Young People In Egypt Policy Brief Series No. 3. New York: Population Council.
Equity and Inclusion in Economics
Caroline Krafft, Kristine West, Allen Bellas, Ming Chien Lo, Adriana Cortes Mendosa, Gabriella Agbenyiga, J Dombroski, Nayomi Her, and Joy Moua. 2023. “Do I Belong in Economics? Student Perceptions.” Minnesota Center for Diversity in Economics Policy Brief No. 1.
Child Care Policy
Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Krafft, Rebecca Madill, and Tamara Halle. 2015. “Continuity of Subsidy Participation and Stability of Care in the Child Care Subsidy Program in Maryland.” Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
Caroline Krafft, Elizabeth E. Davis, and Kathryn Tout. 2014. “Changes in Child Care Arrangements of Young Children in Maryland.” Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
Caroline Krafft, Elizabeth E. Davis, and Nicole D. Forry. 2014. “Continuity of Child Care Subsidy Receipt: Why Definitions of Spells and Gaps Matter.” Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Krafft, and Kathryn Tout. 2014. “Stability of Subsidy Participation and Continuity of Care in the Child Care Assistance Program in Minnesota.” Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Krafft, Nicole Forry, and Kathryn Tout. 2014. “Implementation of 12-Month Child Care Subsidy Eligibility Redetermination: A Case Study from Maryland.” Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
Caroline Krafft, Elizabeth E. Davis, Kathryn Tout, and Nicole Forry. 2013. “Changes in Child Care Arrangements in Minnesota.” Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Krafft, Amy Blasberg, Caroline Carlin, Nicole Forry, Tabitha Isner and Kathryn Tout. 2013. “Minnesota Child Care Choices: Continuity of Care and Participation in the Child Care Assistance Program.” Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
Nicole Forry, Kate Welti, Elizabeth E. Davis, Caroline Krafft, and Paula Daneri. 2012. “Subsidy Continuity in Maryland.” Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.